LINYPHIIDAE Blackwall, 1859 Nombre común en ingles: Hammock-web spiders / Dwarf spiders Nombre común en castellano: Se desconoce Familias similares: Género tipo: Linyphia Latreille, 1804 Diagnosis: Very small to small araneomorph spiders; three tarsal claws; ecribellate; entelegyne, eight eyes; recognised by; absence of comb on tarsi IV; slender legs, provided with setae, especially on tibiae and metatarsi; tarsi cylindrical; labium rebordered; chelicerae usually with stridulating file; numerous teeth, mostly three or four, on fang furrow; autospasy at patella/tibia joint; male palp with often U-shaped intersegmental paracymbium. Caracteres descriptivos: Caparazón: variable; clypeus height usually exceeding that of median ocular region; Erigoninae with frontal region of male often modified with lobes, pits or setal field; Linyphiinae usually with frontal part of carapace raised; all stages with subocular clypeal sulci in Mynogleninae. Esternón: variable but usually heart-shaped; pointed or truncated at the back. Ojos: eight; in two rows (4:4); heterogeneus with anterior median eyes slightly darker. Quelíceros: robust; usually with strong teeth on cheliceral furrow; condyle absent; stridulating files located laterally. Piezas bucales: labium rebordered; endites usually parallel. Patas: three claws; legs usually slender and provided with setae, especially on tibiae and metatarsi; tarsi usually cylindrical, not tapered; autospasy at patella-tibia junction. Palpo femenino: claw present except in Erigoninae. Abdomen: usually longer than wide; sometimes with a pattern, or dark and shiny; scutum present in some males. Hileras: anterior and posterior spinnerets short, conical, concealing median pair; anterior lateral spinnerets with elongate field of aciniform gland spigots; females with triplet on posterior median spinnerets, also present in males of Erigoninae; base of the basal cylindrical gland spigot enlarged and located near periphery; colulus present. Sistema respiratorio: two booklungs; tracheal spiracle clese to spinnerets; tracheal system simple (haplotracheate) or complex with finely divided terminals extending into prosoma and appenages (desmitracheate). Genitalia: entelegyne; epigyne variable, often simple with flat surface midified by grooves, pits or motches (Erigoninae); often with scapus (Linyphiinae); male: palpal tibia with (Linyphiinae) or withous apophyses; with flexibly attached often U-shaped intersegmental paracymbium; bulbus without median apophysis and conductor but with distally grouped apophyses such as embolic membrane, lamella characteristica; radix plus embolus connects to suprategulum by means of column. Tamaño corporal: 1.5-6 mm. Color: usually dark and shiny without abdominal pattern (Erigoninae); abdomen usually with a pattern (Linyphiinae). Estatus taxonómico: Coddington & Levi (1991) placed the linyphiids in the superfamily Araneoidea as part of the higher araneoids and sister-group of the Cyatholipidae. Hormiga (1994a, b) and Griswold et al. (1994) considered the Linyphiidae and Pimoidae sister-groups, Hormiga (2000) and Miller & Hormiga (2004) studied the higher phylogenetics of the family. Distribución: The family Linyphiidae occurs worldwide and is particularly well represented in the temperate and cooker regions of the Northern Hemisphere (Van Helsdingen, 1984). Estilo de vida: Linyphiids spin delicate sheet webs, often with tangles above and below the sheet, between branches of trees or shrubs, in tall herbs and sometimes close to the ground and in litter. Many species appear to have lost web building ability. Egg sacs are usually deposited on smooth surfaces. Bibliografía: Draney, M.L. & Buckle, D.J. 2005. Linyphiidae. pp. 124-161 in Ubick, D., Paquin, P., Cushing, P.E. & Roth, V. (Eds) 2005. The Spiders of North America. An Identification Manual. American Arachnological Society. Hormiga, G. 1994a. Revision and cladistic analysis of the spider family Pimoidae (Araneoidea: Araneae). Smiths. Contr. Zool. 549: 1-104. Hormiga, G. 1994b. Cladistics and the comparative morphology of linyphiid spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Linyphiidae). Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 111: 1-71. Hormiga, G. 2000. Higher level phylogenetics of erigonine spiders (Araneae, Linyphiidae, Erigoninae). Smithson. Contrib. Zool. 609: 1-160. Miller, J.A. & Hormiga, G. 2004. Clade Stability and the Addition of Data - A Case Study from Erigonine Spiders (Araneae: Linyphiidae, Erigoninae). Cladistics 20: 385-442. Millidge, A.F. 1977. The conformation of the male palpal organs of Linyphiid spiders, and its application to the taxonomic and phylogenetic analysis of the family (Araneae: Linyphiidae). Bull. Br. arachnol. Soc. 4: 1-60. Millidge, A.F. 1984. The taxonomy of the Linyphiidae, based chiefly on the epigynal and tracheal characters (Araneae: Linyphiidae). Bull. Br. arachnol. Soc. 6: 229-267.           98 géneros y 273 especies presentes en la Península Ibérica: Acartauchenius Simon, 1884                       - A. scurrilis (O. P.-Cambridge, 1872) Agnyphantes Hull, 1932                       - A. expunctus (O. P.-Cambridge, 1875) Agyneta Hull, 1911                       - A. subtilis (O. P.-Cambridge, 1963) Alioranus Simon, 1926                       - A. pauper (Simon, 1881) Araeoncus Simon, 1884                       - A. crassipes (Westring, 1861)                       - A. discedens (Simon, 1881)                       - A. humilis (Blackwall, 1841)                       - A. toubkal Bosmans, 1996 Asthenargus Simon & Fage, 1922                       - A. longispinus (Simon, 1914) Bathyphantes Menge, 1866                       - B. gracilis (Blackwall, 1841) Birgerius Saaristo, 1973                       - B. microps (Simon, 1911) Bolephthyphantes Strand, 1901                       - B. index (Thorell, 1856) Bolyphantes C. L. Koch, 1837                       - B. alticeps (Sundevall, 1833)                       - B. luteolus (Blackwall, 1833)                       - B. nigropictus Simon, 1884 Bordea Bosmans, 1995                       - B. berlandi (Fage, 1931)                       - B. cavicola (Simon, 1884)                       - B. negrei (Dresco, 1951) Canariphantes Wunderlich, 1992                       - C. homonymus (Denis, 1934)                       - C. zonatus (Simon, 1884) Centromerita Dahl, 1912                       - C. bicolor (Blackwall, 1833)                       - C. concinna (Thorell, 1875) Centromerus Dahl, 1886                       - C. albidus Simon, 1929                       - C. andrei Dresco, 1952                       - C. arcanus (O. P.-Cambridge, 1873)                       - C. capucinus (Simon, 1884)                       - C. dilutus (O. P.-Cambridge, 1875)                       - C. incilium (L. Koch, 1881)                       - C. levitarsis (Simon, 1884)                       - C. minutissimus Merrett & Powell, 1993                       - C. pabulator (O. P.-Cambridge, 1875)                       - C. paradoxus (Simon, 1884)                       - C. phoceorum Simon, 1929                       - C. prudens (O. P.-Cambridge, 1873)                       - C. sellarius (Simon, 1884)                       - C. serratus (O. P.-Cambridge, 1875)                       - C. succinus (Simon, 1884)                       - C. sylvaticus (Blackwall, 1841)                       - C. timidus (Simon, 1884)                       - C. viduus Fage, 1931 Ceratinella Emerton, 1882                       - C. brevipes (Westring, 1851)                       - C. brevis (Wider, 1834) Cinetata Wunderlich, 1995                       - C. gradata (Simon, 1881) Cnephalocotes Simon, 1884                       - C. obscurus (Blackwall, 1834) Collinsia O. P.-Cambridge, 1913                       - C. despaxi (Denis, 1950)                       - C. inerrans (O. P.-Cambridge, 1885) Dicymbium Menge, 1868                       - D. nigrum (Blackwall, 1834) Didectoprocnemis Denis, 1949                       - D. cirtensis (Simon, 1884) Diplocephalus Bertkau, 1883                       - D. cristatus (Blackwall, 1833)                       - D. foraminifer (O. P.-Cambridge, 1875)                       - D. graecus (O. P.-Cambridge, 1872)                       - D. latifrons (O. P.-Cambridge, 1863)                       - D. machadoi Bosmans & Cardoso, 2010                       - D. marijae Bosmans & Cardoso, 2010                       - D. permixtux (O. P.-Cambridge, 1871)                       - D. picinus (Blackwall, 1841)                       - D. protuberans (O. P.-Cambridge, 1875) Diplostyla Emerton, 1882                       - D. concolor (Wider, 1834) Dismodicus Simon, 1884                       - D. bifrons (Blackwall, 1841) Drapetisca Menge, 1886                       - D. socialis (Sundevall, 1833) Entelecara Simon, 1884                       - E. acuminata (Wider, 1834)                       - E. aestiva Simon, 1918                       - E. congenera (O. P.-Cambridge, 1879) Erigone Audouin, 1826                       - E. atra Blackwall, 1833                       - E. dentipalpis (Wider, 1834)                       - E. jugorum Simon, 1884                       - E. marina L. Koch, 1882                       - E. promiscua (O. P.-Cambridge,1873)                       - E. remota L. Koch, 1869 Erigonoplus Simon, 1884                       - E. castellanus (O. P.-Cambridge, 1875)                       - E. depresifrons (Simon, 1884)                       - E. dilatus (Denis, 1949)                       - E. nasutus (O. P.-Cambridge, 1879) Floronia Simon, 1887                       - F. bucculenta (Clerk, 1757) Frontinellina van Helsdingen, 1969                       - F. frutetorum (C. L. Koch, 1834) Gnathonarium Karsch, 1881                       - G. dentatum (Wider, 1834) Gonatium Menge, 1868                       - G. ensipotens (Simon, 1881)                       - G. hilare (Thorell, 1875)                       - G. nemorivagum (O. P.-Cambridge, 1875)                       - G. occidentale Simon, 1918                       - G. rubens (Blackwall, 1833) Gongylidiellum Simon, 1884                       - G. latebricola (O. P.-Cambridge, 1871)                       - G. murcidum Simon, 1884                       - G. vivum (O. P.-Cambridge, 1875) Gongylidium Menge, 1868                       - G. rufipes (Linnaeus, 1758) Helophora Menge, 1866                       - H. insignis (Blackwall, 1841) Hybocoptus Simon, 1884                       - H. corrugis (O. P.-Cambridge, 1875) Hypomma Dahl, 1886                       - H. bituberculatum (Wider, 1834)                       - H. cornutum (Blackwall, 1833)                       - H. fulvum (Bösenberg, 1902) Iberoneta Deeleman-Reinhold, 1984                       - I. nasewoa Deeleman-Reinhold, 1987 Improphantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 1996                       - I. decolor (Westring, 1861)                       - I. improbulus (Simon, 1929) Ipa Saaristo, 2007                       - I. keyserlingi (Ausserer, 1867) Labulla Simon, 1884                       - L. flathaulti Simon, 1914                       - L. machadoi Hormiga & Scharff, 2005 Lepthyphantes Menge, 1866                       - L. balearicus Denis, 1961                       - L. bidentatus Hormiga & Ribera, 1990                       - L. fagei Machado, 1939                       - L. gadesi Machado, 1931                       - L. ibericus Ribera, 1981                       - L. leprosus (Ohlert, 1865)                       - L. minutus (Blackwall, 1833)                       - L. notabilis Kulczynski, 1887                       - L. phallifer Fage, 1931                       - L. ritae Bosmans, 1985                       - L. zaragozai Ribera, 1981 Lessertia Smith, 1908                       - L. barbara (Simon, 1884)                       - L. dentichelis (Simon, 1884) Linyphia Latreille, 1804                       - L. maura Thorell, 1875                       - L. tenuipalpis Simon, 1884                       - L. triangularis (Clerck, 1757) Lophomma Menge, 1868                       - L. punctatum (Blackwall, 1841) Mansuphantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 1996                       - M. fragilis (Thorell, 1875)                       - M. mansuetus (Thorell, 1875) Maso Simon, 1884                       - M. douro Bosmans & Cardoso, 2010                       - M. gallicus Simon, 1894                       - M. sundevalli (Westring, 1851) Mecopisthes Simon, 1926                       - M. crassirostris (Simon, 1884)                       - M. peusi Wunderlich, 1972 Meioneta Hull, 1920                       - M. affinis (Kulczynski, 1898)                       - M. fuscipalpa (C. L. Koch, 1836)                       - M. gulosa (L. Koch, 1869)                       - M. mollis (O. P.-Cambridge, 1871)                       - M. pseudorurestris (Wunderlich, 1980)                       - M. rurestris (C. L. Koch, 1836) Mermesus O. P.-Cambridge, 1899                       - M. denticulatus (Banks, 1898) Metopobactrus Simon, 1884                       - M. prominulus (O. P.-Cambridge, 1872) Micrargus Dahl, 1886                       - M. apertus (O. P.-Cambridge, 1871)                       - M. cupidon (Simon, 1913)                       - M. herbigradus (Blackwall, 1854)                       - M. laudatus (O. P.-Cambridge, 1881)                       - M. subaequalis (Westring, 1851) Microctenonyx Dahl, 1886                       - M. subitaneus (O. P.-Cambridge, 1875) Microlinyphia Gerhardt, 1928                       - M. impigra (O. P.-Cambridge, 1871)                       - M. pusilla (Sundevall, 1830) Microneta Menge, 1869                       - M. viaria (Blackwall, 1841) Midia Saaristo & Wunderlich, 1995                       - M. midas (Simon, 1884) Minicia Thorell, 1875                       - M. elegans Simon, 1894 Minyriolus Simon, 1884                       - M. pusillus (Wider, 1834) Moebelia Dahl, 1886                       - M. penicillata (Westring, 1851) Monocephalus Smith, 1906                       - M. castaneipes (Simon, 1884)                       - M. fuscipes (Blackwall, 1836) Mughiphantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 1999                       - M. ignavus (Simon, 1884)                       - M. mughi (Fickert, 1875) Nematogmus Simon, 1884                       - N. sanguinolentus (Walckenaer, 1841) Neriene Blackwall, 1833                       - N. clathrata (Sundevall, 1830)                       - N. emphana (Walckenaer, 1841)                       - N. furtiva (O. P.-Cambridge, 1871)                       - N. montana (Clerck, 1757)                       - N. peltata (Wider, 1834)                       - N. radiata (Walckenaer, 1841) Obscuriphantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 2000                       - O. bacelarae (Schenkel, 1938)                       - O. obscurus (Blackwall, 1841) Oedothorax Bertkau, 1883                       - O. agrestis (Blackwall, 1853)                       - O. apicatus (Blackwall, 1850)                       - O. fuscus (Blackwall, 1834)                       - O. retusus (Westring, 1851)                       - O. tingitanus (Simon, 1884) Ostearius Hull, 1911                       - O. melanopygius (O. P.-Cambridge, 1879) Ouedia Bosmans & Abrous, 1992                       - O. rufithorax (Simon, 1881) Palliduphantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 2001                       - P. alutacius (Simon, 1884)                       - P. bolivari (Fage, 1931)                       - P. cadiziensis (Wunderlich, 1980)                       - P. cernuus (Simon, 1884)                       - P. cortesi Ribera & De Mas, 2003                       - P. fagicola (Simon, 1929)                       - P. gypsi Ribera & De Mas, 2003                       - P. lorifer (Simon, 1907)                       - P. margaritae (Denis, 1934)                       - P. pallidus (O. P.-Cambridge, 1871)                       - P. stygius (Simon, 1884) Panamomops Simon, 1884                       - P. mutilus (Denis, 1962) Parapelecopsis Wunderlich, 1992                       - P. conimbricensis Bosmans & Cardoso, 2010                       - P. mediocris (Kulczynski, 1899)                       - P. nemoralis (Blackwall, 1841) Pecado Hormiga & Scharff, 2005                       - P. impudicus (Denis, 1945) Pelecopsis Simon, 1864                       - P. bicornuta Hyllard, 1980                       - P. bucephala (O. P.-Cambridge, 1875)                       - P. coccinea (O. P.-Cambridge, 1875)                       - P. denisi (Brignoli, 1983)                       - P. eminula (Simon, 1884)                       - P. inedita (O. P.-Cambridge, 1875)                       - P. mengei (Simon, 1884)                       - P. modica Hyllard, 1980                       - P. monsantensis Bosmans & Cardoso, 2010                       - P. paralella (Wider, 1834)                       - P. pooti Bosmans & Jocqué, 1993                       - P. susannae (Simon, 1914) Peponocranium Simon, 1884                       - P. ludicrum (O. P.-Cambridge, 1861) Piniphantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 1996                       - P. pinicola (Simon, 1884) Pocadicnemis Simon, 1884                       - P. jacksoni (Milledge, 1976)                       - P. juncea Locket & Milledge, 1953                       - P. pumila (Blackwall, 1841) Porrhomma Simon, 1884                       -P. pygmaeum (Blackwall, 1834) Prinerigone Millidge, 1988                       - P. vagans (Audouin, 1826) Saaristoa Millidge, 1978                       - S. abnormis (Blackwall, 1841) Saloca Simon, 1926                       - S. diceros (O. P.-Cambridge, 1871) Savignia Blackwall, 1833                       - S. fronticornis (Simon, 1884)                       - S. harmsi Wunderlich, 1980) Scotargus Simon, 1913                       - S. pilosus Simon, 1913 Silometopus Simon, 1926                       - S. ambiguus (O. P.-Cambridge, 1905)                       - S. curtus (Simon, 1881)                       - S. nitidithorax (Simon, 1914)                       - S. reussi (Thorell, 1871)                       - S. tenuispinus Denis, 1949 Sintula Simon, 1884                       - S. furcifer (Simon, 1911)                       - S. iberica Bosmans, Cardoso & Crespo, 2010 Stemonyphantes Menge, 1866                       - S. lineatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Stylotector Simon, 1884                       - S. romanus (O. P.-Cambridge, 1872) Syedra Simon, 1884                       - S. gracilis (Menge, 1869) Tallusia Lehtinen & Saaristo, 1972                       - T. experta (O. P.-Cambridge, 1871) Tapinocyba Simon, 1884                       - T. algerica Bosmans, 2007                       - T. mitis (O. P.-Cambridge, 1882)                       - T. pallens (O. P.-Cambridge, 1872) Tapinopa Westring, 1851                       - T. disjugata Simon, 1884                       - T. longidens (Wider, 1834) Tenuiphantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 1996                       - T. cristatus (Menge, 1866)                       - T. flavipes (Blackwall, 1854)                       - T. herbicola (Simon, 1884)                       - T. jacksoni (Schenkel, 1925)                       - T. mengei (Kulczynski, 1887)                       - T. tenebricola (Wider, 1834)                       - T. tenuis (Blackwall, 1852)                       - T. zimmermanni (Bertkau, 1890) Theonina Simon, 1929                       - T. cornix (Simon, 1881) Tiso Simon, 1884                       - T. vagans (Blackwall, 1834) Trichoncoides Denis, 1950                       - T. piscator (Simon, 1884) Trichoncus Simon, 1884                       - T. affinis Kulczynski, 1894                       - T. aurantipes Simon, 1884                       - T. monticola Denis, 1965                       - T. pinguis Simon, 1926                       - T. scrofa Simon, 1884                       - T. similipes Denis, 1965                       - T. sordidus Simon, 1884                       - T. triffidus Denis, 1965                       - T. varipes Denis, 1965                       - T. vasconicus Denis, 1944 Trichopterna Kulczynski, 1894                       - T. cucurbitina (Simon, 1881) Troglohyphantes Joseph, 1881                       - T. affinis (Kulczynski, 1914)                       - T. affirmatus (Simon, 1913)                       - T. alluaudi Fage, 1919                       - T. bolivarorum Machado, 1939                       - T. cantabricus Simon, 1911                       - T. cerberus (Simon, 1884)                       - T. furcifer (Simon, 1884)                       - T. marqueti (Simon, 1884)                       - T. nyctalops Simon, 1911 Troxochrus Simon, 1884                       - T. scabriculus (Westring, 1851) Typhochrestus Simon, 1884                       - T. berniae Bosmans, 2008                       - T. bifurcatus Simon, 1884                       - T. bogarti Bosmans, 1990                       - T. digitatus (O. P.-Cambridge, 1872)                       - T. simoni Lessert, 1907                       - T. sireti Bosmans, 2008 Walckenaeria Blackwall, 1833                       - W. acuminata Blackwall, 1833                       - W. alticeps (Denis, 1952)                       - W. atrotibialis (O. P.-Cambridge, 1878)                       - W. corniculans (O. P.-Cambridge, 1875)                       - W. cucullata (C. L. Koch, 1836)                       - W. dalmasi (Simon, 1914)                       - W. dysderoides (Wider, 1834)                       - W. furcillata (Menge, 1869)                       - W. incisa (O. P.-Cambridge, 1871)                       - W. mitrata (Menge, 1868)                       - W. monoceros (Wider, 1834)                       - W. nudipalpis (Westring, 1851)                       - W. obtusa Blackwall, 1836                       - W. stylifrons (O. P.-Cambridge, 1875)                       - W. vigilax (Blackwall, 1853)